Proteolysis of Human Growth Hormone by Rat Thyroid Gland in Vitro: Application of Electrospray Mass Spectrometry and N-Terminal Sequencing to Elucidate a Metabolic Pathway

The present studies were designed to provide structural characterization of peptide metabolites of biosynthetic human growth hormone (hGH) formed by rat thyroid gland proteases in vitro. Electro-spray ionization mass/spectrometry (ESI-MS) and N-terminal sequencing were used to characterize the peptide metabolites. The predominant enzyme in the thyroid gland preparations was a chymotrypsin-like serine protease which was biochemically similar to rat mast cell protease-I. Metabolic intermediates were formed by cleavage of hGH exclusively at Tyr/Phe/Leu-Xaa bonds. After a 5- or 45-min incubation of hGH with thyroid gland S9 pellet fraction, the majority of metabolites formed were two-chain variants of hGH having masses ranging from 16,002 to 22,143 Da. These metabolites were formed as a result of proteolysis in the large disulfide loop region of hGH in combination with processing at Tyr42–Ser43. Based upon the time-related appearance and structural characterization of these intermediates, a sequence of metabolic events is proposed. The initial event appears to be cleavage by the chymotrypsin-like protease between Tyr143–Ser144 to form a two-chain hGH. This intermediate is then cleaved between Tyr42–Ser43, liberating the N-terminal peptide, Phe1–Tyr42. Two other metabolites were generated as a result of the deletion of the peptides Lys140–Tyr143 and Ser144–Phe146 from the large loop region. The identification of similar metabolites truncated by a single amino acid at the carboxyl terminus indicated the action of a carboxypeptidase on these metabolic products. After a 4.5-hr incubation, the protease isolated from the S9 pellet fraction degraded hGH to >20 small peptides, having masses ≤2300 Da. The data illustrate the utility of combining ESI-MS and N-terminal sequencing in the study of protein metabolism and the enzymatic pathways involved.