Proton beam range verification using off-site PET by imaging novel proton-activated markers

Previously we showed that when 68 Zn and Cu markers are placed along the distal end of the proton beam range, they result in higher PET signals than surrounding material such as Plastic Water® and balsa wood following proton treatment. In this work we investigated the use of PET signals from activated 68 Zn and Cu markers for accurate proton range verification in two pseudo-clinical settings.