Middle-aged adults cocontract with arm ADductors during arm ABduction, while young adults do not. Adaptations to preserve pain-free function?

Abstract Middle-aged individuals cocontract with adductor muscles during abduction. This may be crucial for counteracting deltoid forces, depressing the humerus and ensuring free passage of subacromial tissues underneath the acromion during abduction. We questioned whether adductor co-contraction is always present, or develops during ageing, in which case it may explain the age-related character of common shoulder conditions such as Subacromial Pain Syndrome. In a cross-sectional analysis with electromyography (EMG), activation patterns of the latissimus dorsi, teres major, pectoralis major and deltoid muscle were assessed during isometric force tasks in 60 asymptomatic individuals between 21 and 60 years old. Cocontraction was expressed as the degree of antagonistic activation relative to the same muscle’s degree of agonistic activation, resulting in an activation ratio between −1 and 1, where lower values indicate more cocontraction. Using linear regression analyses, we found age-related decreases in the activation ratio of the latissimus dorsi (regression estimate: −0.004, 95% CI: −0.007 to 0.0, p-value: 0.042) and teres major (regression estimate: −0.013, 95% CI: −0.019 to −0.008, p-value: