Lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions of thermal energy storage implemented in a paper mill for wind energy utilization

Abstract Power generation by variable renewable energy (VRE) is expected to expand for decarbonization, although it is difficult to ensure stabilization of the energy demand due to fluctuations in the power output from VRE. To accelerate VRE implementation, wind-powered thermal energy systems (WTth-ES), which can provide dispatchable power using wind–thermal energy converter (WECth) and thermal energy storage (TES), have been proposed. In this study, we are tackling the installation of VRE, i.e., wind energy, by TES with WECth compared with wind turbine (WTp) in paper mills to demonstrate the applicability of TES in an industrial sector. Conventional and alternative energy systems in paper mills with TES were mathematically modeled and simulated to analyze the transmittable power output and the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by life cycle assessment. With the installation of TES and wind energy, transmittable power could be increased with GHG emissions reduction. However, their excess installation or unbalanced combination resulted in an increase in GHG emissions and a decrease in transmittable power. By comparing the cases, the combination of paper mill, TES, and WECth could convert thermal energy efficiently and mitigate fossil fuel consumption for multiple production of paper and power from the paper mill.