Contemporary retrograde intrarenal surgery: Scopes and Lasers

Flexible instrumentation is the mainstay of minimal invasive stone surgery and this led to the invention of smaller and safer instruments which performed remarkable good to a variety of procedures. Further developments like digital technology and single use ureteroscopes which along with similar technological advances in lasers transformed flexible surgery in a tool of paramount importance in the intrarenal surgery of various clinical entities. We review the literature concerning the advances in the field of scopes and lasers for retrograde intrarenal surgery in an effort to find the optimal combination, if any, that potentially produces the best surgical outcomes.