A Scoping Review of Emerging and Established Surgical Robotic PlatformsWith Applications in Urologic Surgery

Objectives: Since the introduction of the first master–slave robotic platform for surgical procedures, there havebeen ongoing modifications and development of new platforms, but there is still a paucity of commercially available systems. Our study aims to identify all master–slave robotic surgical platforms currently commercially available or in development around the world with applications in urologic surgery.Methods: A scoping literature search was performed using PRISMA methodology to identify all relevantpublications in English in PubMed, PubMed Central, and Embase, with additional information being obtained from official company websites.Results: Ten robotic platforms with either proven or potential application in urologic surgery were identified: the da Vinci surgical system (Intuitive), Senhance surgical system (Transentrix), Versius Surgical (CMR Ltd), Enossurgical system (Titan Medical), Revo –I (Meere Company), MiroSurge (DLR), Avatera System (Avatera Medical),Hugo Surgical Robot (Medtronic), Ottava (J&J, Ethicon, Areus), and Hinotori (Medicaroid Corporation).Conclusions: This review highlights the distinct features of emerging master–slave robotic platforms withapplications in urologic surgery. Research and development are now focused on finding wider applications, improving outcomes, increasing availability, and reducing cost. Additional research is required comparing newly developed master–slave robotic platforms with those already well established.