Some approaches to improve bioavailability of peptides and proteins through oral and other mucosal routes

: In this article, an attempt is made to review methods of protein and peptidal delivery through oral and non-oral mucosal routes. Strategies that have been or are being employed to improve the bioavailability of peptides and proteins include alteration of physiological factors by absorption enhancers and enzyme inhibitors, modification of native proteins by chemical synthesis of prodrugs and analogues and dosage form modifications, e.g. lipid vesicles and emulsions, particulate carriers or mucoadhesive polymer systems.