Printing fabrication of large-area non-fullerene organic solar cells

Organic solar cells (OSCs) based on a bulk heterojunction structure exhibit inherent advantages, such as low cost, light weight, mechanical flexibility, easy processing, and they are emerging as a potential renewable energy technology. However, most works are focused on lab-scale, small-area ( 1 cm2) OSCs still yield considerable efficiency loss in transferring from small-area to large-area, which is a big challenge. In recent years, along with the rapid development of high-performance non-fullerene acceptors, many researchers are focused on developing large-area non-fullerene-based devices and modules. There are three essential issues in upscaling OSCs from small-area to large-area: fabrication technology, equipment development, and device component processing strategy. In this review, the challenges and solutions in fabricating high-performance large-area OSCs are discussed in terms of the above mentioned three aspects. In addition, the recent progress of large-area OSCs based on non-fullerene electron acceptors is summarized.