The Efficacy and Safety of Gabapentinoids in Total Joint Arthroplasty: A Direct Meta-Analysis

Abstract Background Opioids are frequently used to treat pain after total joint arthroplasty (TJA). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of opioids in primary TJA to support the combined clinical practice guidelines of the American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, Hip Society, Knee Society, and the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management. Methods The MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched for studies published prior to September 2019 on opioids in TJA. All included studies underwent qualitative and quantitative homogeneity testing followed by a systematic review and direct comparison meta-analysis to assess the efficacy and safety of opioids. Results Preoperative opioid use leads to increased opioid consumption and complications after TJA along with a higher risk of chronic opioid use as well as inferior patient reported outcomes. Scheduled opioids administered preemptively, intraoperatively, or postoperatively reduce the need for additional opioids for breakthrough pain. Prescribing fewer opioid pills after discharge is associated with equivalent functional outcomes and decreased opioid consumption. Tramadol reduces postoperative opioid consumption, but increases the risk of postoperative nausea, vomiting, dry mouth, and dizziness. Conclusion Moderate evidence supports the use of opioids in TJA to reduce postoperative pain and opioid consumption. Opioids should be used cautiously as they may increase the risk of complications, such as respiratory depression and sedation, especially if combined with other central nervous system depressants or used in the elderly.