Shorter nanotubes and finer nanoparticles of TiO2 for increased performance in dye-sensitized solar cells

Abstract Vertically aligned, reasonably dense, about 500 nm long TiO 2 nanotubes (NTs) are prepared on transparent conducting fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) surfaces by a wet chemical procedure. The dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) fabricated using such active electrodes and N719 dye with usual I − /I 3 − electrolyte yield 2.46% solar-to-electricity conversion efficiency ( η ) without the TiCl 4 treatment and 3.40% with the TiCl 4 treatment, both at 1000 W m −2 simulated AM 1.5 irradiation. These values are higher and impressive for shorter NT arrays of ∼500 nm length. The successive introduction of TiO 2 nanoparticles (NPs) by spraying into the NTs to form NT–NP composite films results in a linear increase of dye coverage. The variation of η as a result of NT–NP composite structure (with TiCl 4 treatment) shows a gradual increase up to 8.53% at 1:2.2 NT:NP mass ratio, beyond which it slowly decreases.