Changes in Total Knee Arthroplasty Utilization since the Implementation of ACA: An Analysis of Patient–Hospital Demographics, Costs, and Charges

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) formed the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation Center which has implemented experimental reimbursement models targeted at high-demand procedures to improve care quality. However, the effect of health care reform on total knee arthroplasty (TKA) procedures has not been explored. This study explores patient–hospital level demographics, inpatient costs, and charges related to TKA procedures between 2009 and 2015. The National Inpatient Sample database was utilized to identify patients who received primary TKA between January 2009 and October 2015 (4,283,387 cases). Categorical, continuous, and ordinal data were analyzed using chi-square/Fisher's exact test, t -test/analysis of variance, or Kruskal–Wallis' test, respectively. There was an increase in proportion of TKA recipients belonging to minority groups and the lowest quartile of median income ( p