Role of Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Gene Polymorphisms in the Long-Term Effects of Beta-Blockade with Carvedilol in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure

Background Beta-blockers are mainstay of current treatment of heart failure (HF). Beta-adrenergic receptors (AR) single nucleotide gene polymorphisms (SNPs) may influence the sensitivity and density of beta-AR. We assessed the relation between three common beta-AR SNPs and the response to carvedilol administration.