Investigating the Accumulation of Submicron Phase-Change Droplets in Tumors

Abstract Submicron phase-change droplets are an emerging class of ultrasound contrast agent. Compared with microbubbles, their relatively small size and increased stability offer the potential to passively extravasate and accumulate in solid tumors through the enhanced permeability and retention effect. Under exposure to sufficiently powerful ultrasound, these droplets can convert into in situ gas microbubbles and thus be used as an extravascular-specific contrast agent. However, in vivo imaging methods to detect extravasated droplets have yet to be established. Here, we develop an ultrasound imaging pulse sequence within diagnostic safety limits to selectively detect droplet extravasation in tumors. Tumor-bearing mice were injected with submicron perfluorobutane droplets and interrogated with our imaging–vaporization–imaging sequence. By use of a pulse subtraction method, median droplet extravasation signal relative to the total signal within the tumor was estimated to be E tumor = 37 ± 5 % compared with the kidney E kidney = − 2 ± 8 % (p