Handling the reflective-formative measurement conundrum: A practical illustration based on sustainable employability

Abstract Objectives Constructs capturing health or functioning can have reflective and/or formative measurement models. Although a construct's measurement model has extensive implications on the construction, validation, and use of a measurement instrument, measurement models are frequently wrongly or not explicitly specified. As this is likely due to a lack of guidelines, this study uses sustainable employability as an example to demonstrate a) the applicability of an adapted checklist for establishing a construct's measurement model; and b) the use of structural equation modeling to handle formative constructs. Study Design and Setting First, the checklist is applied to sustainable employability to establish its measurement model. Second, using observational self-report data from 2,544 employees, structural equation models are estimated to evaluate the structural and criterion validity of sustainable employability as a formative construct. Results The checklist demonstrates strong applicability, identifying sustainable employability as a formative construct. Model fit indices (Comparative fit indices ≥ 0.932, Tucker-Lewis indices ≥ 0.925, root mean square errors of approximation ≤ 0.034) suggest the formative measurement model for sustainable employability is valid. Conclusion The checklist and structural equation modeling facilitate handling formative constructs. By establishing sustainable employability as a formative construct, individuals' long term ability to function at work can be more adequately studied and intervened upon.