Endoscopic exploration directly impacts clinical decision making in the management of patients with suspected upper tract urothelial carcinoma following radical cystectomy.

Abstract Objectives To assess whether the use of endoscopic exploration (EE) as a routine diagnostic tool in patients with clinical suspicion of upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) following radical cystectomy (RC) significantly impacts management decision-making and to describe the oncological outcomes of patients with UTUC after RC. Materials and methods We performed a retrospective review of medical records of patients with suspicion of UTUC after RC between 2000 and 2019. Patient demographics, clinicopathological features, treatments, and outcomes were analyzed. Results We identified 60 patients with suspicion of UTUC. After diagnostic work-up, 16 were submitted to radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) and 44 underwent diagnostic EE. After EE, a further 18/44 (40.9%) were submitted to RNU, while no evidence of tumor was found in 12 (27.3%) and the remaining 12 (27.3%) underwent endoscopic treatment (ET). Thus, in 24/44 (54.5%) patients the primary treatment strategy, i.e., RNU, was altered. Twenty-nine (85.3%) of the 34 patients who underwent RNU had high-grade tumors and 16 (47%) had the muscle-invasive disease. In the ET group, 6 (50%) had high-grade tumors and 10 (83.4%) had tumors less than 2 cm. The 5-year estimated recurrence-free survival and cancer-specific survival were, respectively, 58.4% and 45.6% in the RNU group and 25% and 80.8% in the ET group. Conclusion EE significantly impacts clinical decision-making in patients with suspicion of UTUC after RC, resulting in a change in treatment strategy in approximately half of the patients. UTUC following RC has a poor prognosis and although RNU is the gold standard, ET could be considered in a selected group of patients.