Cytotoxicity, Apoptosis, Cellular Uptake, Cell Cycle Distribution, and DNA-Binding Investigation of Ruthenium Complexes

Three new ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes [Ru(bpy)2(BHIP)]2+ 1, [Ru(phen)2(BHIP)]2+ 2, and [Ru(dip)2(BHIP)]2+ 3 were synthesized and characterized. The cytotoxicity of the three complexes was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The apoptosis induced by the complexes was studied by cell morphology and flow cytometry. The results showed that the percentage of apoptotic cells is 7.19%, 75.58%, and 3.51% in the presence of complexes 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The cellular uptakes were also performed and the results indicated that complexes 1, 2, and 3 can enter into the cytoplasm and also into the nucleus. The studies on antiproliferative mechanism showed the induction of S-phase arrest by complexes 1, 2, and 3. DNA-binding constants of these complexes with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) were determined to be 1.07 (±0.47)×105 M−1 (s=2.04), 1.21 (±0.32)×105 M−1 (s=1.88), and 2.75 (±0.27)×105 M−1 (s=2.17), respectively. Upon irradiation at 365 nm, complexes 1, 2,...