l-carnitine modulates autophagy, oxidative stress and inflammation in trazodone induced testicular toxicity.

Abstract Background Trazadone is an antidepressant and may affect reproductive hormones and spermatogenesis. l -carnitine is an amino acid that exhibits antioxidant actions. This study was designed to investigate the potential protective effects of l -carnitine against trazadone-induced testicular toxicity in male rats and the possible underlying mechanisms such as oxidative stress, inflammation and autophagy. Methods thirty-two male Wistar rats were divided randomly into four groups (n = 8). Testicular damage was induced by oral administration of Trazadone (TRZ, 20 mg/kg/day, p.o.) for four weeks (TRZ group). l -carnitine (LC, 200 mg/kg/day, p.o.) was applied for four weeks (LC group). LC + TRZ group administered the same doses of LC and TRZ concomitantly. The control group received distilled water (as vehicle). Results the protective treatment with LC attenuated the decline of sperm count and motility resulted from trazadone administration. Moreover, LC ameliorated trazadone increased lipid peroxidation (MDA) and reduction of total thiol and catalase activity. LC modulated the elevation in tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF-α), and increased the expression of autophagy related genes Becline-1, ATG 5, ATG-12 in rat testes. Serum level of FSH, LH and total testosterone were increased significantly (p  Conclusion These findings supported the protective effects of l -carnitine on rat testes due to suppression of oxidative stress, inflammation and enhancing autophagy. l -carnitine may be recommended as adjuvant therapy to trazadone treatment.