Exposure to 1,3-Butadiene in the U.S. Population: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2016.

1,3-Butadiene is a volatile organic compound with a gasoline-like odor that is primarily used as a monomer in the production of synthetic rubber. The International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified 1,3-butadiene as a human carcinogen. We assessed 1,3-butadiene exposure in the U.S. population by measuring its urinary metabolites N-acetyl-S-(3,4-dihydroxybutyl)-L-cysteine (34HBMA), N-acetyl-S-(1-hydroxymethyl-2-propenyl)-L-cysteine (1HMPEMA), N-acetyl-S-(2-hydroxy-3-butenyl)-L-cysteine (2HBEMA), and N-acetyl-S-(4-hydroxy-2-buten-1-yl)-L-cysteine (t4HBEMA). Urine samples from the 2011-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed for 1,3-butadiene metabolites using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. 34HBMA and t4HBEMA were detected in >96% of the samples; 1HMPEMA and 2HBEMA were detected in 0.66% and 9.84% of the samples, respectively. We used sample-weighted linear regression models to examine the influence of smoking status (using a combination of self-reporting and serum-cotinine data), demographic variables, and diet on biomarker levels. The median t4HBEMA among exclusive smokers (31.5 µg/g creatinine) was higher than in non-users (4.11 µg/g creatinine). Similarly, the median 34HBMA among exclusive smokers (391 µg/g creatinine) was higher than in non-users (296 µg/g creatinine). Furthermore, smoking 1-10, 11-20, and >20 cigarettes per day (CPD) was associated with 475%, 849%, and 1,143% higher t4HBEMA (p 20 CPD was associated with 33%, 44%, and 102% higher 34HBMA (p < 0.0001). These results provide significant baseline data for 1,3-butadiene exposure in the U.S. population, and demonstrate that tobacco smoke is a major exposure source.