Sampling of micro- and nano-plastics in environmental matrixes

Abstract Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) have been detected in different environmental matrixes and thus aroused global concerns. The representative sampling of MNPs is the prerequisite of accurately assessing their environmental risk. This paper reviewed the published methods for sampling MNPs in different environmental matrixes. Meanwhile, the application scenarios, advantages and disadvantages of MNP sampling methods are comprehensively summarized and recommendations were proposed based on this. Consequently, net techniques are recommended to collect the large MPs (>50 μm) in waters, while the bulk sampling method are suggested to sample NPs. The bulk sampling method will continue to be the primary method for soil MNPs, and the current methods for atmospheric particulate matter are available to collect airborne MNPs. Further, quality control, key factors of specific sampling method and the possible solutions are discussed. In addition, the challenges and opportunities such as the NP sampling, standardization of unit are outlooked.