Novel conditional plasmids regulated by chemical switches provide versatile tools for genetic engineering in Escherichia coli

Abstract Engineering bacterial genomes or foreign DNA cloned as bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) relies on usage of helper plasmids, which deliver the desired tools transiently into the bacteria to be modified. After the anticipated action is completed the helper plasmids need to be cured. To make this efficient, plasmids are used that are maintained by conditional amplicons or carry a counter-selection marker. Here, we describe new conditional plasmids that can be maintained or cured by using chemical induction or repression. Our method is based on the dependency of plasmids carrying ori6Kγ origin of replication on the presence of protein Π. Ori6Kγ based plasmids are tightly regulated conditional constructs, but they require usually special E. coli strains to operate. To avoid this, we placed the Π protein expression under the control of a co-expressed conditional repressor. Regulating the maintenance of plasmids with administration or removal of chemicals is fully compatible with any other conditional amplicons applied to date. Here, we describe methods for inducing sites specific recombination of BACs as an example. However, the same strategy might be used to construct appropriate helper plasmids for any other transient components of genome editing methodologies such as λred recombinases or CRISPR/Cas components.