Enhanced ammonia synthesis performance of ceria-supported Ru catalysts via introduction of titanium

The spatial arrangements of Ti species would affect the electronic metal–support interactions and the proportion of Ce3+ sites for ceria-supported Ru catalysts. Ti-Surface-loaded CeO2 supported Ru catalysts exhibited excellent ammonia synthesis activity, which is attributed to a larger proportion of Ru metal, more electrons of Ru species and better adsorption ability of hydrogen and nitrogen.