Approaches to assessing the provider experience with clinical pharmacogenomic information: a scoping review.

Purpose Barriers to the implementation of pharmacogenomics in clinical practice have been thoroughly discussed over the past decade. Methods The objective of this scoping review was to characterize the peer-reviewed literature surrounding the experiences and actions of prescribers, pharmacists, or genetic counselors when using pharmacogenomic information in real-world or hypothetical research settings. Results A total of 33 studies were included in the scoping review. The majority of studies were conducted in the United States (70%), used quantitative or mixed methods (79%) with physician or pharmacist respondents (100%). The qualitative content analysis revealed five major methodological approaches: hypothetical clinical case scenarios, real-world studies evaluating prescriber response to recommendations or alerts, cross-sectional quantitative surveys, cross-sectional qualitative surveys/interviews, and a quasi-experimental real-world study. Conclusion The findings of this scoping review can guide further research on the factors needed to successfully integrate pharmacogenomics into clinical care.