Experiments on the transition of thermocapillary bubble convection towards turbulent flow

This study reveals that under appropriate conditions a surface tension driven (thermocapillary) flow can become turbulent. Thermocapillary bubble convection undergoes various nonperiodic modes as the Marangoni number (Mg) increases till reaching the turbulent state. We provide empirical equations to express the guideline borders between the nonperiodic flow mode regimes. In this work a more concise and complex experimental setup is applied to reach higher values of Mg under gravitational conditions.