A single center retrospective study of 371 children with chronic kidney disease at stage 2 to 5

Objective To investigate the etiology, complications and treatment of children with chronic kidney disease(CKD), in order to provide evidence for the comprehensive management. Methods The clinical data of 371 children patients with CKD at stage 2 to 5 admitted to the Department of Nephrology, Beijing Children′s Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University from January 2012 to December 2018 were collected.The etiology, complications and treatment and other data were retrospectively investigated and analyzed. Results (1)A total of 371 children with CKD were enrolled, and the male to female ratio was 1.44∶1.00.Thirty-five cases aged from 0 to 3, 54 cases aged from 4 to 6, 189 cases aged from 7 to 12, 93 cases aged from 13 to 18.Eleven cases were diagnosed at stage 2, 59 cases at stage 3, 62 cases at stage 4, and 239 cases at stage 5.(2) In all patients, 135 cases (36.39%) had congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract(CAKUT), 77 cases (20.76%) had glomerular diseases, 21 cases (5.66%) had hereditary kidney diseases, 12 cases (3.23%) had tubulointerstitial diseases, 4 cases (1.08%) had inherited metabolic diseases, 5 cases (1.35%) had other diseases and in 117 cases (31.64%) the causes of disease were unknown.(3) Renal biopsy was performed in 57 cases with the rate of renal biopsy of 15.36%.The main pathologic types included focal segmental glomerulosclerosis(18 cases, 31.58%), sclerosing glomerulonephritis (13 cases, 22.81%) and tubulointerstitial nephropathy (10 cases, 17.54%). (4)Anemia and secondary hyperparathyroidism(SHPT) were the most common complications, accounting for 77.90% (289 cases) and 73.05% (271 cases), respectively, followed by hypertension (183 cases, 49.33%), cardiovascular disease (CVD) (139 cases, 37.47%) and protein-energy wasting (PEW) (51 cases, 13.75%) successively.The incidence of hypertension, anemia, SHPT and CVD in children with CKD at stage 5 were significantly higher than those in CKD at stage 2-4, and the differences were statistically significant(χ2=50.03, 122.36, 77.07, 64.89, all P<0.01). The incidence of hypertension and CVD in patients with glomerular diseases were higher than those in CAKUT patients, and the differences were statistically significant(χ2=65.63, 40.89, all P<0.01). The incidence of PEW in CAKUT was higher than that in patients with glomerular diseases, and the difference was statistically significant(χ2=10.58, P<0.01). (5)Initial renal replacement therapy was performed in 190 children, hemodialysis in 129 cases (67.89%), peritoneal dialysis in 31 cases (16.32%), and 30 cases (15.79%) refused treatment There was no transplant patient in initial treatment modality. Conclusions In the center, the major cause of CKD stage 2 to 5 in children was CAKUT, but the proportion of CAKUT and glomerular diseases was similar in CKD stage 5.The most common complication of CKD in children is anemia.Hypertension, anemia, SHPT and CVD increased with the progression of CKD staging.SHPT usually occurs in children with CKD stage 4 and 5.The incidence of complications in children with CKD caused by different factors is different.Hemodialysis is the main method of initial renal replacement therapy in the center. Key words: Chronic kidney disease; Etiology; Complication; Treatment; Child