Anatomy of the Eyelids Pertaining to Thyroid Eye Disease

The major clinical eyelid findings associated with thyroid eye disease (TED) are varied, but most often involve upper and lower eyelid retraction, contour abnormalities, eyelid edema, prolapsed orbital fat, conjunctival injection and chemosis, and meibomian gland dysfunction. The exact causes of these changes remain a matter of controversy, but numerous hypotheses have been proposed, most with limited experimental support.