The effect of vermifiltration height and wet:dry time ratio on nutrient removal performance and biological features, and their influence on nutrient removal efficiencies

Abstract We investigated the effects of vermifiltration (VF) height and the wet:dry time (WD) ratio on nutrient removal from synthetic domestic wastewater, earthworm population characteristics, and microbial numbers in the substrate. We also evaluated the key factors influencing nutrient removal. Results showed that variation in VF height had a significant effect on chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total phosphate (TP) removal rates, earthworm population, and actinomycetes numbers, but had no effect on ammonia nitrogen (NH 3 -N) and total nitrogen (TN) removal rates, and bacterial and fungi numbers. All parameters, except TP removal and fungi numbers, were significantly affected by variation in the WD ratio. Furthermore, when combined, the VF height and the WD ratio significantly influenced the earthworm reproduction rate and actinomycetes numbers. In particular, good nutrient removal efficiencies, vigorous earthworm activity and high microbial numbers were observed when the WD ratio was 1/3 and the VF height was 60 cm. Results suggest that earthworm growth and reproduction rates, fungi, and actinomycetes numbers are good indicators of the COD and TP removal efficiencies by VF. These factors, along with the bacterial numbers, are good indicators of NH 3 -N removal efficiency; however, only the earthworm growth rate and actinomycetes numbers are useful indicators for the TN removal efficiency from wastewater by VF.