Parathyroid Gland Embryology, Anatomy and Physiology

This chapter reviews the embryology, anatomy, and physiology of the thyroid gland with special emphasis on how these topics relate to surgical conditions and surgical decision-making. First, thyroid development is reviewed since it is the essential foundation to understand thyroid anatomy. Next, the anatomy of the thyroid, its blood supply and its relationship to nearby nerves are reviewed to understand the conduct of thyroid operations and the risks and complications of those operations. Finally, the details of the thyroid gland’s principle function—the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones—are considered. Understanding these normal physiologic functions and their control provides insight into the diagnostic evaluation and treatment of thyroid diseases.