Molecular mechanisms underlying effects of n−3 and n−6 fatty acids in cardiovascular diseases

Abstract Cardiovascular diseases are a leading cause of death worldwide. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly n−3 PUFA, are widely regarded as cardioprotective. We review and compare evidence on the benefits, and in some cases adverse effects, of n−3 and n−6 PUFA in cardiovascular disease prevention, and provide insight into potential molecular mechanisms of these benefits. Hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory, anti-arrhythmic and anti-aggregatory properties of these fatty acids confer cardiovascular protection. Unresolved inflammation plays an important role in the progression of cardiovascular diseases. Specialized pro-resolving mediators, including resolvins, maresins, protectins, and lipoxins, produced by the oxygenation of n−3 and n−6 PUFA, play an important role in cardiovascular benefits mediated by PUFA. We also review current data on molecular mechanisms underlying the protective effects of these lipid mediators. Understanding molecular pathways of both n−3 and n−6 PUFA is important for advancing preventive and therapeutic strategies for cardiovascular diseases.