Systematic development of an mHealth app to prevent healthcare-associated infections by involving patients: Participatient

ABSTRACT Introduction In hospital care, urinary catheters are frequently used, causing a substantial risk for catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI). Patient awareness and evaluation of appropriateness of their catheter through mHealth could decrease these healthcare-associated infections. However, patient engagement via mHealth in infection prevention is still limited. Therefore, we describe the systematic development and usability evaluation of the mHealth intervention Participatient, to prevent CAUTI, aiming for optimal adoption of the app in the clinical setting. Method The CeHRes roadmap was used as development guideline, operationalizing phases for (1) contextual inquiry (observations and interviews), (2) value specification (interviews with probing) and (3) design in multiple steps and in co-creation with end-users. During phases 1 and 2, semi-structured interviews were conducted with fifteen patients and three nurses. The design phase was combined with the minimum viable product development strategy, with a focus on early cyclic steps of prototyping. Results In phase 1, patients acknowledged the risks of catheter use. Patients in phase 2 valued endorsement of a mHealth application by healthcare workers and reported to own a smartphone. Both patients and nurses recognized the need for useful modules in the app besides catheter care. Based on the needs and values as found in phase 2, the Participation app was developed. Based on usability tests in phase 3, content, text size, plain language, and navigation structures were further amended, and images were added. Conclusion This study provides real-world insight in the developmental strategy for mHealth interventions by involving both patients and care providers. Development of an app using thorough needs-assessment provided understanding for its content and design. By developing an app providing patients with reliable information and daily checklists, we aim to provide a tailored tool for communication and awareness on catheter use for the whole ward, and a potential blueprint for mHealth development.