Harmonizing and improving European education in prescribing: An overview of digital educational resources used in clinical pharmacology and therapeutics

AIM Improvement and harmonization of European CPT education is urgently required. Because digital educational resources can be easily shared, adapted to local situations and re-used widely across a variety of educational systems, they may be ideally suited for this purpose. METHODS With a cross-sectional survey among principal CPT teachers in 279/304 European medical schools, an overview and classification of digital resources was compiled. RESULTS Teachers from 95 (34%) medical schools in 26 of 28 EU countries responded, 66 (70%) of whom used digital educational resources in their CPT curriculum. A total of 89 of such resources were described in detail, including e-learning (24%), simulators to teach pharmacokinetics and/or pharmacodynamics (10%), virtual patients (8%), and serious games (5%). Together, these resources covered 235 knowledge-based learning objectives, 88 skills, and 13 attitudes. Only one third (27) of the resources were in-part or totally free and only 2 were licensed open educational resources (free to use, distribute and adapt). A narrative overview of the largest, free, and most novel resources is given. CONCLUSION Digital educational resources, ranging from e-learning to virtual patients and games, are widely used for CPT education in EU medical schools. Learning objectives are based largely on knowledge rather than skills or attitudes. This may be improved by including more real life clinical case scenarios. Moreover, the majority of resources are not free or open. Therefore, with a view to harmonizing international CPT education, more needs to be learned about why CPT teachers are not currently sharing their educational materials.