Intrauterine growth restriction: clinical consequences on health and disease at adulthood.

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) affects 10 to 15% of all pregnancies worldwide. IUGR may result from maternal, placental or fetal origin. Maternal malnutrition before and during pregnancy represents the most prevalent non-genetic or placental cause. IUGR reflects an abnormal adaptive fetal growth in a deleterious environment. Individuals born after IUGR are more susceptible to develop diseases related to subsequent stressors through a lifetime. Animal models help to decipher the underlying causes of dysregulated pathways and molecular modifications conditioning health and disease in adult offspring born after IUGR. The aim of this review is to summarize current knowledge on long term consequences of IUGR, integrating animal models and human studies for a better care of IUGR-born individuals in a life course perspective.