Thoracolumbar spinal fracture in children: Conservative or surgical treatment?

Abstract Purpose Spinal thoracolumbar fractures represent 10-14% of pediatric fractures. Most children concerned by such fractures are above 10 years of age. No guidelines presently exist. Analysis of spine pathophysiology and of the various common therapeutic attitudes led us to conduct a review of the different therapeutic approaches in pediatric thoracolumbar fracture. Methods A review of the literature was carried out using the Medline and Embase databases with the search-term “pediatric thoracic lumbar spine fractures”. Results The systematic review identified 44 studies, 24 of which were selected, and 19 were included for analysis. Physiological age was categorized on Risser's classification. In Risser 1 with Magerl A1 fracture, surgical treatment was not necessary and functional (rest and analgesics) or conservative treatment (bracing for 6 weeks) was sufficient. In Risser 1 with Magerl A2, A3 or B fracture, conservative treatment (bracing for 3 months) was the first-line option. In Risser 2–4, conservative treatment with bracing for 3 months was possible in the absence of instability, with kyphosis > 20° and canal compression > 33%; otherwise, treatment should be surgical. Subsequently, in case of onset of secondary instability, surgical treatment can be proposed. We highlight the importance of MRI assessment for diagnosis of thoracolumbar fracture and associated lesions of the intervertebral discs and posterior ligament complex. Children classified as Risser 5 can undergo the same treatment as adults. Conclusion Two main parameters should be assessed in treatment decision-making for thoracolumbar fracture: the Risser scale and the Magerl classification.