Proximal Ureteral Reconstruction: Ureteroureterostomy, Buccal Mucosa Graft, Retrocaval Ureter

Proximal ureteral reconstruction has presented a great challenge to surgeons, who have risen to the occasion through the invention of procedures, such as ureteroureterostomy, appendiceal flap ureteroplasty, ileal ureteral substitution, and buccal mucosal graft ureteroplasty. The advent of robotic-assisted technology has ushered in an era of further refinement of these techniques. This chapter aims to describe these latest advances in proximal ureteral reconstruction.