Geometry and evolution of the ecological niche in plant-associated microbes

The ecological niche of a species can be conceptualized as a volume in multidimensional space, where each dimension describes an abiotic condition or biotic resource. The shape and size of this volume strongly determines interactions among species and influences their global distribution, but the geometry of the niche is poorly understood. Here, we analyse temperature response functions and host plant ranges for hundreds of fungi and oomycetes. We demonstrate that niche specialization is independent on abiotic and biotic axes, that host interactions restrict fundamental niche breadth to form the realized niche, and that both abiotic and biotic niches show limited phylogenetic constraint. Such niche adaptability makes plant pathogens a formidable threat to agriculture and forestry.