Monocytes, Macrophages, and Microglia and the Role of IL-1 in Autoimmune Inner Ear Disease (AIED)

Purpose of Review Autoimmune inner ear disease (AIED) is a rare disease of unknown etiology characterized by a sudden decline in hearing. Although AIED is initially responsive to corticosteroid therapy, this response is lost over time. We recently demonstrated in a small cohort of corticosteroid-resistant AIED patients that IL-1 was overexpressed in the plasma and that IL-1 antagonism led to hearing improvement and reduction in circulating IL-1. Autoinflammatory diseases, such as Muckle-Wells syndrome (MWS), are diseases of the innate immune system whose phenotype includes sensorineural hearing loss. Monocytes are the primary cells orchestrating the inflammatory response in this family of diseases, due to a gain-of-function mutation that causes excessive IL-1 release.