Orthogonal dual molecularly imprinted polymer-based plasmonic immunosandwich assay: A double characteristic recognition strategy for specific detection of glycoproteins

Abstract Sensitive and specific detection methods are critical to the detection of glycoproteins. Immunoassay has been a powerful tool for this purpose, in which antibodies or their mimics particularly molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are used for specific recognition. Epitope and glycan are two structure features of a glycoprotein. However, immunoassays based on simultaneous recognition towards the two characteristics have been scarcely explored so far. Herein we present a new strategy called orthogonal dual molecularly imprinted polymer-based plasmonic immunosandwich assay (odMIP-PISA). It relies on double recognition towards a target glycoprotein by two different types of MIPs, using epitope-imprinted gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)-coated slide as capturing substrate to recognize the peptide epitope and glycans-imprinted Raman-active silver nanoparticles as labeling nanotags to recognize the glycans. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a routinely used marker for colon cancer, was used as a test glycoprotein. The orthogonal double recognition apparently improved the specificity, reducing the maximum cross-reactivity from 14.4% for epitope recognition and 15.2% for glycan recognition to 8.2% for double recognition. Meanwhile, the plasmonic nanostructure-based Raman detection provided ultrahigh sensitivity, yielding a limit of detection of 5.56 × 10−14 M (S/N = 10). Through measuring the CEA level in human serum, this method permitted differentiation of colon cancer patient from healthy individual. Compared with the traditional immunoassay, odMIP-PISA exhibited multiple advantages, including simplified procedure (6 steps), speed (30 min), reduced cost, and so on. Therefore, this new approach holds great promise in many applications particularly clinical diagnosis.