Progress of combined immunization with schistosomiasis vaccines

Schistosomiasis vaccine is an important long-term strategy in the control of infection and transmission of Schistosoma. Improving vaccine efficacy against schistosomiasis can be achieved by: multivalent vaccines or cocktail univalent vaccine. Combined immunization was realized by connection with different antigen sequences, combination with different antigen proteins or mixing different epitopes that were screened from the phage peptide library. Progress has been made towards development of vaccines against schistosomiasis with effective protection and long-lasting immunity.