Broadening our understanding of genetic risk for scleroderma/systemic sclerosis by querying the chromatin architecture surrounding the risk haplotypes.

BACKGROUND Genetic variants in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) locus contribute to the risk for developing scleroderma/systemic sclerosis (SSc). However, there are other replicated loci that also contribute to genetic risk for SSc, and it is unknown whether genetic risk in these non-HLA loci acts primarily on the vasculature, immune system, fibroblasts, or other relevant cell types. We used the Cistrome database to investigate the epigenetic landscapes surrounding 11 replicated SSc associated loci to determine whether SNPs in these loci may affect regulatory elements and whether they are likely to impact a specific cell type. METHODS We mapped 11 replicated SNPs to haplotypes and sought to determine whether there was significant enrichment for H3K27ac and H3K4me1 marks, epigenetic signatures of enhancer function, on these haplotypes. We queried pathologically relevant cell types: B cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, monocytes, and T cells. We then identified the topologically associated domains (TADs) that encompass the SSc risk haplotypes in primary T cells to identify the full range of genes that may be influenced by SSc causal SNPs. We used gene ontology analyses of the genes within the TADs to gain insight into immunologic functions that might be affected by SSc causal SNPs. RESULTS The SSc-associated haplotypes were enriched (p value < 0.01) for H3K4me1/H3K27ac marks in monocytes. Enrichment of one of the two histone marks was found in B cells, fibroblasts, and T cells. No enrichment was identified in endothelial cells. Ontological analyses of genes within the TADs encompassing the risk haplotypes showed enrichment for regulation of transcription, protein binding, activation of T lymphocytes, and proliferation of immune cells. CONCLUSIONS The 11 non-HLA SSc risk haplotypes queried are highly enriched for H3K4me1/H3K27ac-marked regulatory elements in a broad range of immune cells and fibroblasts. Furthermore, in immune cells, the risk haplotypes belong to larger chromatin structures encompassing genes that regulate a wide array of immune processes associated with SSc pathogenesis. Though importance of the vasculature in the pathobiology of SSc is widely accepted, we were unable to find evidence for genetic influences on endothelial cell function in these regions.