Effect of titanium (IV) isopropoxide molarity on the crystallinity and photocatalytic activity of titanium dioxide thin film deposited via green sol–gel route

Abstract In this paper, the effect of titanium (IV) isopropoxide TTIP molarity on the crystallinity and TiO 2 thin film properties deposited via green sol–gel route was reported. The green sol–gel route is a pioneering approach for eco-friendly coating where solvent is not utilized in the sol formulation. This is in contrast to the common TiO 2 sol formulation where solvent is used despite the long term harmful the environment. TiO 2 solution with different TTIP molarity of 0.2 M, 0.3 M, 0.4 M and 0.5 M were utilized during coating deposition. Deposition were conducted for ten times using dip coating and treated at 500 °C (1-h). The crystalline phases and phase content were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and reference intensity ratio (RIR) equation. Crystallites size was obtained by Scherrer's equation while coating morphologies was analyzed using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The photocatalytic activity was conducted by the degradation of methylene blue (MB) towards UV-light and visible light. At higher TTIP molarity (0.5 M), higher crystallinity of mixed anatase (∼17 nm) and rutile (∼29 nm) phases were obtained along with homogeneous coating (cracking and visible pore). Also, higher MB degradation were obtained at UV-light (95%) and visible-light (86%) irradiation. In conclusion, higher TTIP molarity produced TiO 2 film with higher crystallinity, small crystallite size, cracking morphology thus contribute good performance in photocatalytic activity. Findings in this work shown that TiO 2 thin film deposition is possible conducted without the use of solvent through optimized formulation of only precursor, acid and water. This is beneficial for the environment sustainability.