Four-dimensional noncontrast-enhanced MR angiography at ultrahigh field

Background Arterial spin labeled (ASL) 4D MRA has been shown to be a valuable method for simultaneously assessing anatomic structure and dynamic filling of cerebral arteries. Beyond improved SNR and parallel imaging performance, performing these studies at ultrahigh field will benefit from longer T1s resulting in more persistent labeling allowing for improved visualization of distal vessels, especially in conditions of reduced flow. Methods Studies were performed on Siemens 7T whole body MRI scanner with a 16-channel transceiver TEM stripline array head coil driven by a series of 16, 1 kW amplifiers (CPC, Pittsburgh, PA). Non-contrast enhanced 4D ASL MRA was performed using an ECG-triggered, segmented, 3D acquisition using signal targeting with alternating radiofrequency (STAR) for spin labeling. Label and control volumes were acquired with magnetization preparation immediately after the ECG R-wave and before the segmented readout used to generate the time resolved frames (Fig. 1). Background saturation over the imaging volume was applied for both label and control volumes. Data was acquired with 26 frames over 1700 ms (two R-R intervals) with a temporal resolution of ~60 ms and an acquisition time of 12:23. To address the challenges of B1+ homogeneity and efficiency at 7T, B1+ shimming was performed based on a small flip angle, calibration scan. Two B1+ shimming strategies were compared; 1) a static approach which used aC P-like mode over the entire brain for all RF pulses in the sequence, and 2) a dynamic approach which used a separate B1+ shim optimized for efficiency for the