Mycoplasma pneumoniae carriage evades induction of protective mucosal antibodies.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is the most common bacterial cause of pneumonia in children hospitalised for community-acquired pneumonia. Prevention of infection by vaccines may be an important strategy in the presence of emerging macrolide resistant M. pneumoniae. However, knowledge of immune responses to M. pneumoniae is limited, complicating vaccine design. We therefore studied the antibody response during M. pneumoniae infection and asymptomatic carriage.In a nested case-control study (n=80) of M. pneumoniae carriers and matched controls we observed that carriage by M. pneumoniae does not lead to a rise in either mucosal or systemic M. pneumoniae-specific antibodies, even after months of persistent carriage. We replicated this finding in a second cohort (n=69) and also found that during M. pneumoniae community-acquired pneumonia, mucosal levels of M. pneumoniae-specific IgA and IgG did increase significantly. In vitro adhesion assays revealed that high levels of M. pneumoniae-specific antibodies in nasal secretions of paediatric patients prevented the adhesion of M. pneumoniae to respiratory epithelial cells.In conclusion, our study demonstrates that M. pneumoniae-specific mucosal antibodies protect against bacterial adhesion to respiratory epithelial cells and are induced only during M. pneumoniae infection and not during asymptomatic carriage. This is strikingly different from carriage with bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae where mucosal antibodies are induced by bacterial carriage.