Visualization and Control of Chemically Induced Crack Formation in All-Solid-State Lithium-Metal Batteries with Sulfide Electrolyte.

The application of lithium metal as a negative electrode in all-solid-state batteries shows promise for optimizing battery safety and energy density. However, further development relies on a detailed understanding of the chemo-mechanical issues at the interface between the lithium metal and solid electrolyte (SE). In this study, crack formation inside the sulfide SE (Li3PS4: LPS) layers during battery operation was visualized using in situ X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT). Moreover, the degradation mechanism that causes short-circuiting was proposed based on a combination of the X-ray CT results and scanning electron microscopy images after short-circuiting. The primary cause of short-circuiting was a chemical reaction in which LPS was reduced at the lithium interface. The LPS expanded during decomposition, thereby forming small cracks. Lithium penetrated the small cracks to form new interfaces with fresh LPS on the interior of the LPS layers. This combination of reduction-expansion-cracking of LPS was repeated at these new interfaces. Lithium clusters eventually formed, thereby generating large cracks due to stress concentration. Lithium penetrated these large cracks easily, finally causing short-circuiting. Therefore, preventing the reduction reaction at the interface between the SE and lithium metal is effective in suppressing degradation. In fact, LPS-LiI electrolytes, which are highly stable to reduction, were demonstrated to prevent the repeated degradation mechanism. These findings will promote all-solid-state lithium-metal battery development by providing valuable insight into the design of the interface between SEs and lithium, where the selection of a suitable SE is vital.