The Non-motor Parkinson’s Disease

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second commonest neurodegenerative condition, and non-motor symptoms (NMS) are integral to the condition [62]. Besides the common visible motor symptoms such as tremor, rigidity and bradykinesia, patients experience NMS thorough the course of the disease including the prodromal and palliative phase of PD. For some time now, evidence has shown that PD has a multiple neurotransmitters deficiency involving the central and the extra central nervous system. Recently the concept of NMS subtypes has emerged with potential subtype specific treatment options in the future.