Chirurgie et immunologie de transplantation: des origines aux nouveaux paradigmes de la tolérance.

The technique of vascular anastomosis (A. Carrel, 1902) and the developments of transplantation immunology, allowed the first successful attempts at clinical organ grafting in the early sixties. The introduction of new immunosuppressors and surgical techniques both contributed to the introduction of organ transplantation into daily practice. Preclinical and clinical research on immunologic tolerance offers the perspective of immunosuppression withdrawal and of full rehabilitation after transplantation.