Time Is Brain? — Surgical Revascularization of Acute Symptomatic Occlusion of the Internal Carotid Artery up to One Week

Background Clinical outcome and surgical success rate of open surgical reconstruction for acute symptomatic internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion up to 1 week after stroke onset were analyzed to determine a cutoff time, after which risk exceeds clinical benefit. Methods From November 1997 to March 2007, a total of 5369 patients were examined at the authors’ stroke unit; 502 from this cohort underwent ICA reconstruction. A subgroup of 49 patients underwent surgical revascularization of acute ICA occlusion within 168 hr at a mean of 42.5 ± 38.7 hr after stroke onset. Preoperative diagnostic measures consisted of extracranial/intracranial duplex sonography ( n = 49), cerebral computed tomography ( n = 31), magnetic resonance imaging and angiography ( n = 37), and digital subtraction angiography ( n = 24). All 49 patients experienced a complete ICA occlusion and an ipsilateral recent ischemic infarction. Modified Rankin scale score (mRS) before surgery was 0 to 3 in 20 patients (41%) and 4 to 5 in 29 patients (49%). Results ICA patency could be restored in 38 patients (78%). The following clinical outcomes were noted: clinical improvement in mRS by at least 1 point in 23 of 49 of patients (47%), no change in 14 of 49 (28%), deterioration in mRS by at least 1 point in 6 of 49 (12%), and death within 30 days in 6 of 49 (12%). A total of 21 patients (43%) experienced perioperative cerebral events (new infarction, new intracranial hemorrhage or enlargement, or hemorrhagic transformation of the preexisting infarction). Univariate analysis showed that clinical improvement correlated significantly with success of recanalization and with early recanalization within 72 hr. Age, gender, and preoperative Rankin stage did not have influence. Clinical deterioration or death was only associated with perioperative cerebral events and seemed to be time-independent. Multivariate analysis did not have enough statistical power to analyze the impact of different risk factors on outcome after urgent revascularization. Conclusions In patients who undergo surgery after 72 hr from symptom onset, the risk seems to outweigh the benefit.