Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System

Abstract Musculoskeletal diseases and injuries have become a “neglected burden” in developing countries. In low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), most musculoskeletal disease can be divided into one of four categories: injuries, infections, pediatric conditions, and age-related issues. Injuries account for 11% of disability adjusted life-years (DALY) worldwide. Almost a third of these are due to road traffic injuries; many developing countries are ill equipped to handle this burden. Osteomyelitis and septic arthritis are encountered globally, but LMIC also deal with other musculoskeletal infections such as tuberculosis, leprosy, and disability due to poliomyelitis. Additionally, poor maternal–fetal/neonatal health care results in increased pediatric conditions like cerebral palsy, whereas other conditions such as clubfeet or developmental dysplasia of the hip often present late. Finally, improved global longevity has increased the incidence of age-related conditions. These can be degenerative conditions or sequelae of chronic diseases like diabetes. Overall, musculoskeletal disease is an important but underappreciated aspect of global health.