The assessment of cognitive and behavioural disturbances in vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) — recommendations of an expert working group

With newer research-based classification systems, the term Vascular Cognitive Impairment (VCI) is now preferred to vascular dementia. VCI is an umbrella term that includes all forms of cognitive deficits ranging from mild cognitive impairment of vascular origin (VaMCI) to vascular dementia (VaD). The new VCI construct takes into account the fact that in addition to single strategic infarcts, multiple infarcts, and leukoaraiosis, there are other mechanisms of cerebrovascular disease such as chronic hypoperfusion that might account for the pattern of cognitive deficits associated with vascular dementia. The key to defining the spectrum of VCI is neuropsychological testing, bedside or office-based clinical examination, and neuroimaging. The lack of specific cognitive tools that are sufficiently sensitive to detect subtle deficits makes the assessment of cognitive impairment difficult. Prospective cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of VCI from different settings are therefore required. Although there have been few published reports, behavioural and psychological symptoms (BPS) are inherently present in VCI from the onset and during the course of the disease. Besides the type of population (i.e. clinical, community or nursing-home settings), the definition of VCI/VaD and the instruments used, and differences in the prevalence and pattern of BPS between various studies, could be due to other, often unconsidered, factors such as gender, age, education, use of medication and VCI/VaD severity.