Advances in Membrane Bioreactor Technology

Abstract Membrane bioreactors (MBRs), an innovative combination of membrane technology and biological process for wastewater treatment, have been exhibiting great advantages over the conventional activated sludge (CAS) process owing to their preponderantly higher efficiency for solid–liquid separation than that of a secondary sedimentation tank. This chapter analyzes the proposed fundamentals and advantages, identifying the mechanism and performance for pollutant degradation and membrane fouling, and discussing the reactor configurations and designs, while also outlining the development of MBR-based processes and their performance in treating municipal and industrial wastewaters. The major drawback impeding a wider application of MBRs is membrane fouling, which significantly reduces membrane performance and lifespan, resulting in a significant increase in maintenance and operating costs. The addition of coagulants and adsorbents shows a significant reduction in membrane fouling, but further research is needed to establish optimum dosages of the various coagulants/adsorbents. Lastly, future perspectives regarding long-term development of MBR applications and potential areas of fouling mitigation are identified.