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Decision to forgo ESRD treatment

1993 
The two ESRD treatments of dialysis and kidney transplantation have had a major impact on the nascent field biomedical ethics in the 1960s. The high cost of ESRD treatment and an absolute shortage of transplantable kidneys posed grave problems concerning allocation of scarce resources in the United States until the passage of the ESRD Amendment, PL 92–603 in 1972. The annual cost of dialysis per individual was and remains over twice the average US income and the severe shortage of transplantable cadaver kidneys continues.
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