Left ventricular remodelling among Turner syndrome patients: insights from non-invasive 3D echocardiography-derived pressure–volume loop analysis

Background Turner syndrome (TS) is a X-chromosomal disease affecting one in 2500–3000 female newborns. TS individuals are at high cardiovascular risk and more likely to be overweight or obese. The aim of this study was to assess left ventricular performance in TS patients through three-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (3DSTE) and non-invasive left ventricular pressure–volume loop (PVL) analysis. Moreover, this study focused on the impact of excess weight on the left ventricular efficiency in TS patients.